Electroanalytical Methods in Practice
Modern Applications of Electrochemical Techniques in Environmental and Process Monitoring
Autor:
prof. Ernest Beinrohr
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia
Introduction
In recent decades, electroanalytical methods have been largely reduced to simple potentiometric and conductimetric applications in most laboratories. Today, they are most commonly found as amperometric or coulometric detectors in liquid chromatography systems, as well as in chlorine analyzers and Karl Fischer titrators for water determination.
More sophisticated techniques like polarography and voltammetry, once widespread, have nearly vanished from routine laboratory practice, surviving mainly in research and academic environments. These traditional methods have been widely replaced by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, which offer robustness and automation.
A Renewed Role in Modern Analytical Chemistry
Recently, electroanalytical methods have experienced a notable revival. This is largely driven by rapid advancements in sensor technology and the growing demand for automated, unattended monitoring of chemical processes, water systems, and air quality.
Electrochemical systems have proven particularly valuable for environmental monitoring. Trace levels of heavy metals such as silver (Ag), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and thallium (Tl), as well as semi-metals (As, Se), non-metals, and even organic substances can be measured using electrochemical methods. These techniques are effective at extremely low concentration levels, offer wide dynamic ranges, and are cost-effective.
Outlook and Future Trends
The future development of electroanalytical techniques in process analysis points toward robust and selective sensor systems, integrated into miniature flow setups. One of the key ambitions is to design systems capable of “reagentless” operation, thereby minimizing chemical consumption and maintenance.
With improvements in selectivity, robustness, and automation, electrochemical techniques are set to play a vital role in modern environmental and industrial analytics.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava for academic support and development of electroanalytical methodologies.
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